Table 2 Baseline characteristics, lab tests, medication, and follow-up parameters of the patients according to ICU admission
From: Predicting the outcome of COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients
| ICU admission | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic |
No N = 87 |
Yes N = 22 | ||
| Demographic information | ||||
| Male Gender, n (%) | 52 (59.8) | 11 (50.0) | 0.407 | |
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 48 (38.0–56.0) | 51 (44.0–64.0) | 0.227 | |
| Donor type, n, (%) | Deceased | 11 (12.6) | 6 (27.3) | 0.091 |
| Living | 76 (87.4) | 16 (72.7) | ||
| > 60 years n, % | 13 (14.9) | 8 (38.1) | 0.016 | |
| Time from symptom onset to admission, days, median (IQR) | 4 (3.0–7.0) | 5 (3.0–7.0) | 0.536 | |
| Transplantation duration, years, median (IQR) | 5 (3.0–9.0) | 6 (3.0–9.0) | 0.774 | |
| Length of stay in hospital (days), median (IQR) | 9 (6.0–13.0) | 14.5 (8.0–18.0) | 0.003 | |
| Tx Duration < 1 year n (%) | 14 (16.1) | 3 (13.6) | 0.777 | |
| Coexisting disorder, n/N (%) | Diabetes mellitus | 18/85 (21.2) | 7/22 (31.8) | 0.293 |
| Hypertension | 62/84 (73.8) | 19/22 (86.4) | 0.217 | |
| Ischemic heart disease | 12/82 (14.6) | 6/21 (28.6) | 0.133 | |
| Heart failure | 1/83 (1.2) | 3/22 (13.6) | 0.007 | |
| COPD | 3/84 (3.6) | 2/21 (9.5) | 0.252 | |
| Cancer | 6/84 (7.1) | 0/21 (0.0) | 0.207 | |
| Chronic liver disease | 4/84 (4.6) | 1/21 (4.5) | 0.615 | |
| Cause of kidney disease, n (%) | Diabetic nephropathy | 4 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.189 |
| Glomerular disease | 6 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Hypertensive nephrosclerosis | 9 (10.3) | 4 (18.2) | ||
| ADPCKD | 8 (9.2) | 5 (22.7) | ||
| Amyloidosis | 22 (25.3) | 6 (27.3) | ||
| Chronic pyelonephritis | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.5) | ||
| Urological diseases | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Unknown | 26 (29.9) | 5 (22.7) | ||
| Others | 6 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | Former smoked | 18 (20.7) | 4 (18.2) | 0.890 |
| Never smoker | 33 (37.9) | 10 (45.5) | ||
| Current smoker | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Unknown | 35 (40.2) | 8 (36.4) | ||
| Medications, n/N (%) | ACEi | 17/82 (20.7) | 4/21 (19.0) | 0.864 |
| ARBs | 12/81 (14.8) | 2/21 (9.5) | 0.530 | |
| Statins | 7/82 (8.5) | 4/19 (21.1) | 0.115 | |
| Anticoagulant or antiplatelet agent | 34/83 (41.0) | 11/19 (57.9) | 0.180 | |
| Oral antidiabetics | 7/81 (8.6) | 1/21 (4.8) | 0.556 | |
| Tacrolimus | 70 (80.5) | 16 (72.7) | 0.427 | |
| CsA | 9 (10.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.115 | |
| MPA derivatives | 75 (86.2) | 19 (86.4) | 0.985 | |
| MTORi | 9 (10.3) | 3 (13.6) | 0.659 | |
| Azathioprine | 5 (5.7) | 1 (4.5) | 0.825 | |
| Prednisone | 85 (97.7) | 21 (95.5) | 0.565 | |
| Induction, yes, n, (%) | 67 (77.0) | 13 (52.1) | 0.089 | |
| Induction therapy n, (%) | ATLG | 57 (65.5) | 10 (45.5) | 0.189 |
| Basiliximab | 10 (11.5) | 3 (13.6) | ||
| Modification of immunosuppression n, (%) | No changed | 3 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.059 |
| MPA/AZA withdrawal | 76 (87.4) | 16 (72.7) | ||
| CNI + MPA/AZA withdrawal | 8 (9.2) | 6 (27.3) | ||
| COVID-19 related clinic presentation at the time of diagnosis, n (%) | Mild disease | 64 (73.5) | 3 (13.6) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate Disease | 22 (23.5) | 11 (50.0) | ||
| Severe-Critical Disease | 1 (1.1) | 8 (36.4) | ||
| Presentation symptoms n, (%) | Fever | 55 (63.2) | 15 (68.2) | 0.664 |
| Myalgia | 27 (31.0) | 5 (22.7) | 0.445 | |
| Dyspnea | 36 (41.4) | 17 (77.3) | 0.003 | |
| Diarrhea | 11 (12.6) | 1 (4.5) | 0.278 | |
| Cough | 60 (69.0) | 12 (54.5) | 0.202 | |
| Throat pain | 4 (4.6) | 2 (9.1) | 0.409 | |
| Headache | 11 (12.6) | 3 (13.6) | 0.901 | |
| Fatigue | 36 (41.4) | 11 (50.0) | 0.466 | |
| COVID-19 drug treatments, n/N (%) | Macrolides | 55 (64.7) | 16 (76.2) | 0.316 |
| Oseltamivir | 45 (53.6) | 14 (66.7) | 0.279 | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 86 (98.9) | 22 (100.0) | 0.613 | |
| Lopinavir-ritonavir | 8 (10.4) | 2 (11.8) | 0.868 | |
| Favipiravir | 31 (38.3) | 18 (94.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Glucocorticoids | 41 (51.3) | 18 (85.7) | 0.004 | |
| Tocilizumab | 5 (6.3) | 5 (26.3) | 0.009 | |
| Anakinra | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.379 | |
| Apheresis / immunoadsorption | 0 (0.0) | 3 (15.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Laboratory findings at admission, median (IQR) | Creatinine (μmol/l) | 132.6 (88.4–176.8) | 198.0 (106.1–265.2) | 0.016 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.8 (3.5–4.1) | 3.45 (2.9–3.8) | 0.003 | |
| Ferritin (μg/l) | 328 (129.0–814.0) | 728 (514.0–2000.0) | 0.029 | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) mean ± SD | 11.6 (10.0–13.3) | 11.4 (9.7–13.5) | 0.970 | |
| Lymphocyte count (/μl) | 860 (547.0–1380.0) | 705 (460.0–950.0) | 0.086 | |
| Lymphopenia (< 800 /μl) n. (%) | 41 (47.1) | 12 (54.5) | 0.534 | |
| Platelet count (×103/μl) | 200 (170.0–249.0) | 185 (161.0–232.0) | 0.275 | |
| Follow-up parameters, n (%) | Acute kidney injury, n (%) | 31 (35.6) | 15 (68.2) | 0.006 |
| RRT, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (18.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Bacterial superinfection. N (%) | 6 (6.9) | 3 (13.6) | 0.527 | |
| Laboratory tests during hospitalization, n (%) | ||||
| Leucopenia (< 4.0 /μl) | 28 (32.2) | 8 (36.4) | 0.710 | |
| Lymphopenia (800 /μl) | 57 (66.3) | 20 (90.9) | 0.023 | |
| Thrombocytopenia (< 150 × 103/ μl) | 11 (12.6) | 5 (22.7) | 0.232 | |
| LDH (> 2 × upper limit of normal) | 13 (15.7) | 16 (76.2) | < 0.001 | |
| AST (> 2 × upper limit of normal) | 7 (9.1) | 8 (38.1) | 0.001 | |
| CRP (> 10 × upper limit of normal) | 31 (35.6) | 16 (72.7) | 0.002 | |
| The final situation, n (%) | Recover | 86 (98.9) | 9 (40.9 | < 0.001 |
| Exitus | 1 (1.1) | 13 (59.1) | ||