Table 3 Baseline characteristics, lab tests, medication, and follow-up parameters of the patients according to the secondary outcome (dead and/or ICU admission)
From: Predicting the outcome of COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients
|
Secondary outcome (dead and/or ICU admission) | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic |
No N = 86 |
Yes N = 23 | ||
| Demographic information | ||||
| Male Gender, n (%) | 52 (60.5) | 12 (52.2) | 0.276 | |
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 48 (38–56) | 55 (44–64) | 0.085 | |
| Donor type, n, (%) | Deceased | 11 (12.8) | 6 (26.1) | 0.118 |
| Living | 75 (87.2) | 17 (73.9) | ||
| > 60 years n, % | 12 (13.9) | 9 (39.1) | 0.004 | |
| Time from symptom onset to admission, days, median (IQR) | 4.0 (3.0–7.0) | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Transplantation duration, years, median (IQR) | 5.0 (3.5–9.25) | 6.0 (3.0–9.5) | 0.545 | |
| Length of stay in hospital (days), median (IQR) | 8.5(6.0–13.0) | 14.0 (8.0–18.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Tx Duration < 1 year n (%) | 13 (15.1) | 4 (17.4) | 0.789 | |
| Coexisting disorder, n/N (%) | Diabetes mellitus | 18/84 (21.4) | 7/23 (30.4) | 0.366 |
| Hypertension | 61 (73.5) | 20 (87.0) | 0.178 | |
| Ischemic heart disease | 11/81 (13.6) | 7/22 (31.8) | 0.046 | |
| Heart failure | 1/81 (1.2) | 3/23 (13.0) | 0.009 | |
| COPD | 3/83 (3.6) | 2/22 (9.1) | 0.284 | |
| Cancer | 6/83 (7.2) | 0(0.0) | 0.194 | |
| Chronic liver disease | 1/83 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.605 | |
| Cause of kidney disease, n (%) | Diabetic nephropathy | 9 (10.5) | 4 (17.4) | 0.231 |
| Glomerular disease | 8 (9.3) | 5 (21.7) | ||
| Hypertensive nephrosclerosis | 22 (25.6) | 6 (26.1) | ||
| ADPCKD | 4 (4.7) | 1 (4.3) | ||
| Amyloidosis | 4 (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Chronic pyelonephritis | 6(7.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Urological diseases | 6 (7.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Unknown | 25 (29.1) | 6 (26.1) | ||
| Others | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | Former smoked | 18 (20.9) | 4 (17.4) | 0.919 |
| Never smoker | 34 (39.5) | 9 (39.1) | ||
| Current smoker | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Unknown | 33 (38.4) | 10 (43.5) | ||
| Medications, n/N (%) | ACEi | 17/81 (21.0) | 4/22 (18.2) | 0.772 |
| ARBs | 12/80 (15.0) | 2/22 (9.1) | 0.476 | |
| Statins | 7/81 (8.6) | 4/20 (20.0) | 0.144 | |
| Anticoagulant or antiplatelet agent | 33/82 (40.2) | 12/20 (60.0) | 0.111 | |
| Oral antidiabetics | 7/80 (8.8) | 1/22 (4.5) | 0.516 | |
| Tacrolimus | 69 (80.2) | 17 (73.9) | 0.509 | |
| CsA | 9 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.105 | |
| MPA derivatives | 12 (14.0) | 20 (87.0) | 0.910 | |
| MTORi | 9 (10.5) | 3 (13.0) | 0.726 | |
| Azathioprine | 5/81 (5.8) | 1/22 (4.3) | 0.784 | |
| Prednisone | 84 (97.7) | 22 (95.7) | 0.599 | |
| Induction therapy, yes, n, (%) | 66 (76.7) | 14 (60.9) | 0.126 | |
| Induction therapy n, (%) | ATLG | 56 (65.1) | 11 (47.8) | 0.268 |
| Basiliximab | 10 (11.6) | 3 (13.0) | ||
| Modification of immunosuppression n, (%) | No changed | 3 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.076 |
| MPA/AZA withdrawal | 75 (87.2) | 17 (73.9) | ||
| CNI + MPA/AZA withdrawal | 8 (9.3) | 6 (26.1) | ||
| COVID-19 related clinic presentation at the time of diagnosis, n (%) | Mild disease | 64 (74.4) | 3 (13.0) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate Disease | 22 (25.6) | 11 (47.8) | ||
| Severe-Critical Disease | 0 (0.0) | 9 (39.1) | ||
| Presentation symptoms n, (%) | Fever | 54 (62.8) | 16 (69.6) | 0.547 |
| Myalgia | 27 (31.4) | 5 (21.7) | 0.366 | |
| Dyspnea | 35 (40.7) | 18 (78.3) | 0.001 | |
| Diarrhea | 11 (12.8) | 1 (4.3) | 0.251 | |
| Cough | 59 (68.6) | 13 (56.5) | 0.277 | |
| Throat pain | 4 (4.7) | 2 (8.7) | 0.450 | |
| Headache | 11 (12.8) | 3 (13.0) | 0.974 | |
| Fatigue | 35 (40.7) | 10 (43.5) | 0.324 | |
| COVID-19 drug treatments, n/N (%) | Macrolides | 54/84 (64.3) | 17/22 (77.3) | 0.249 |
| Oseltamivir | 44 (53.0) | 15/22 (68.2) | 0.202 | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 85 (98.8) | 23 (100.0) | 0.603 | |
| Lopinavir-ritonavir | 8/76 (10.5) | 2/18 (11.1) | 0.942 | |
| Favipiravir | 30/80 (37.5) | 19/20 (95.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Glucocorticoids | 40/79 (50.6) | 19/22 (86.4) | 0.003 | |
| Tocilizumab | 4/79 (5.1) | 6/20 (30.0) | 0.001 | |
| Anakinra | 3/76 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.365 | |
| Apheresis / immunoadsorption | 0 (0.0) | 3/21 (14.3) | 0.001 | |
| Laboratory findings at admission, median (IQR) | Creatinine (μmol/l) | 132.6 (89.7–177.7) | 441.3 (262.5–735.5) | 0.050 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.8 (3.5–4.1) | 3.4 (2.9–3.8) | 0.002 | |
| Ferritin (μg/l) | 331(128–839) | 679 (184–2260) | 0.048 | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) mean ± SD | 11.6 ± 2.4 | 11.6 ± 2.1 | 0.900 | |
| Lymphocyte count (/μl) | 860 (545–1385) | 700 (460–950) | 0.018 | |
| Lymphopenia (< 800 /μl) n, (%) | 57 (66.3) | 20 (90.9) | 0.394 | |
| Platelet count (×103/μl) | 199 (169–248) | 186 (161–239) | 0.451 | |
| Follow-up parameters, n (%) | Acute kidney injury, n (%) | 31 (36.0) | 15 (65.2) | 0.012 |
| RRT, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (17.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Bacterial superinfection, n (%) | 6 (7.0) | 3 (13.0) | 0.348 | |
| Laboratory tests during hospitalization, n (%) | ||||
| Leucopenia (< 4.0 /μl) | 28 (32.6) | 8 (34.8) | 0.840 | |
| Lymphopenia (800 /μl) | 57(66.3) | 20 (90.9) | 0.023 | |
| Thrombocytopenia (< 150 × 103/ μl) | 11 (12.8) | 5 (21.7) | 0.281 | |
| LDH (> 2 × upper limit of normal) | 13 (15.9) | 16 (72.7) | < 0.001 | |
| AST (> 2 × upper limit of normal) | 7 (9.2) | 8 (36.4) | 0.002 | |
| CRP (> 10 × upper limit of normal) | 30 (34.9) | 17 (73.9) | 0.001 | |
| The final situation, n (%) | Recover | 86 (100.0) | 9 (22.2) | < 0.001 |
| Exitus | 0 (0) | 14 (77.8) | ||